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| 英语写作电子教案 | |
1st weekWelcome to My Lectures on English Writing !Lecturer: Tu Chaolian1. teaching objective: a good introduction
2. focus: requirements and thoughts on writing
3. technique: explanation
4. time allotment
My thoughts on English writing 50’What is writing? Do you have any purposes? Do you have your own goal in learning to write?
We will first examine different types of writing for different purposes. In daily life, we encounter at least two different categories of writing:
1) writing for entertainment, (creative writing, such as novels, stories and poems).
2) Writing for information. (formal or expository prose, such as research papers and newpaper reports).
If we consider the social aspects of writing, classification can be made under headings of
A. informal writing, such as private journals, notes to friends, and personal letters.
B. Formal writing, such as letters of application, letters of inquiry, and business communication.
If we consider the different natures of wring, we may then find that novels and stories require creative power because the creation of characters, plots, and images requires imagination, whereas research papers and business communications require analytical ability because they communicate factual information. Creativeness and analytical ability both have their roles.
However, many students, unaware of different types of writing, tend to think of writing only in the form of novels and poems, (they wish to write in English as well as Mark Twain, Ernest Hemingway, or Winston Churchill. They aspire to follow the example of ancient Chinese writers they lose confidence at the beginning of writing course,) or they learn to write just for a test.
Before aspiring to achieve fame or to pass the test, we should first of all try to write to communicate. In real life, the major role of language is communication rather than entertainment. I have therefore set communication as the target of my teaching this course. Do not worry if your vocabulary is simple and everyday, your sentences ordinary and commonplace, and your message initially superficial or insignificant. The important thing is to learn to communicate your ideas clearly, logically, and understandably. We will be trained how to write clearly, accurately, and logically, with the emphasis on effective presentation of facts and opinions. If we master the skills of successful communication, it will not be a big problem if some of us decide to take a few steps further into the realm of creative and imaginative writing.
However, the apparently innocent phrase “successful communication” may carry profound meaning. We already know that language exists in two forms: oral and written. In oral communication, there are many different situations in which different languages registers are required. One talks with close friends in one way, with strangers in another; with street vendors in one way, with teachers in yet another. If one confuses these different occasions and uses the wrong form of language, one may fail in the communication. The same is true in written communication. One writes to one’s parents in one way, to acquaintances in another; a brief note in one way, and an academic paper in another. If one confuses these forms, one may be judged as having inadequate education. As college students, you probably already have a good idea as to what different forms of the Chinese language to use under different circumstances. Yet, you are only at the beginning of learning the proper forms in the English language. The English language has its forms and written forms, its informal, semi-formal, and very formal forms. These forms require different kinds of words, sentence patterns, and essay structures.
I think ( to achieve our goal)
1. The ideas of your articles can only come from your daily accumulation of extensive reading and your thinking;
v 2. Good articles come from your arduous(of work needing and using up much energy.) practice;v 3. Your teacher’s role is to stimulate your interests in writing; many of us may have found writing to the source of constant headache in the past. I hope that in my class , we can make writing at least less painful. You might say that given that this is a writing course, the teacher will always be the evaluator, grading everything you write, and that, therefore, the purpose of all writing will have to be for good marks---an important consideration for future prospects. True as this might be, other possibilities do exist.A teacher plays more roles than that of a marker. A teacher can in fact be a genuinely interested reader, a kind-hearted monitor, and a willing, supportive helper. Even if the teacher does play the role of a marker in the end, the emphasis can be different.
Firstly, I will consider spelling, diction, grammar and content when evaluating a written work. At the latter period of this term, although linguistic features are still important, the most important aspect will be the communicative effectiveness of each piece of writing. If the writer fails to use the appropriate form of language to achieve the intended purpose, even if grammar and spelling are flawless, the paper will probably not receive a high mark. Conversely, if the essay is effective in communication ideas, a few mistakes in grammar or diction will not affect the mark.
v 4. Your teacher’s task is to teach you some techniques on writing and design suitable writing tasks for you to practice;1) so, you have to read your textbook by yourselves after class.
v 5. Your teacher will not correct your compositions word by word, but judge them as a whole.v 6. You can know how to write good articles not through your teacher’s correcting the grammar mistakes in your exercises, but through your daily practice and accumulation.v That’s to say, you will have to do many exercises for this subject.( reciting, poems, song words. writing )Elements your Homework marks depend on 20’1. length
3. organization
4. idea
5. words and sentences ( use words you have learned in college, do not always use simple sentences)
6. grammar
7. after class reading
all these are changeable, and they will change according to the focus of writing. If we focus on grammar, grammar will be about 30%; and our lecture will keep pace with your grammar lecture. I’ll keep close in touch with your grammar teacher. if we focus on idea…..the general focus is words---sentences---paragraphs---passage, and it will be totally different from your writing in your new English course.
Elements your final marks depend onv 1. Your attendance and classroom performance account for 10%;v 2. Your accomplishment of the assignments accounts for 20%;v 3. Your final examination mark accounts for 70%Some Requirements 5’v 1. Attend my lectures regularly;v 2. Be active in class;v 3. Finish my assignments in time;v 4. Try to read as many as possible those articles on the topics concerning our daily life, social problems, new technologies, etc.5. Prepare two exercise books
And what we’ll do in class is 5’
1) to check whether you have read the textbook or not
2) comments on your writing
3) rewrite sentences in your writing or some other sentences.
4) comments on input reading ( sample paper, model) no multi-media classroom, hand-outs, 3 yuan)
5) Or English to Chinese translation
6) writing task
I hope I can
1.be helpful in your character (person’s nature) ( exert a favourable influence on sb’s thinking or character).2. Cultivate your logic ( have a good influence on logical thinking and writing).
3. Be helpful in Improving your writing ability
translation: 20
1.我的食物都吃光了，得再去买点。(p.12)
My food has run out. I've to buy some.
2.坐公共汽车去那儿至少要花两个小时。
.It will take at least two hours to go there by bus.
3.大点声说话，让大家都听得见。
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you.
4.你花了多少时间写那篇文章？
How much time does it take you to write that article?
5.你似乎很难过。告诉我们发生什么事了，这样我们好帮你。
It seems that you are very sad. Tell us what has happened, so we can help you.
6.我们可以请小王帮我们，他好像有好多时间。
We can ask Xiao Wang to help us. He seems to have a lot of time
7.很久很久以前，有一个国王特别喜欢马。(p.32)
Once upon a time, there was a king who liked horses very much.
8.他是如此之坏（wicked），我根本就不信任他。
He is so wicked that I don't believe in him at all.
9.我的英语水平很差，所以我得努力学习它。
My English is very poor, so I will work hard at it.
10.由于工资太低，他付不起房租。
He can’t pay for the rent because of his low salary.
12.这本书非常有名，被翻译成了多种语言。
This book is very famous and has been translated into many languages.
13.一百多人出席了为老教授举行的聚餐会。
More than 100 people came to the dinner party held in honor of the old professor.
Writing task:
You can write any thing on any topic, but keep the following in mind:
1. underline the new words or sentences you have learned .
2. your writing will be graded on grammar20%, words30%, length20%, idea20%, spelling 10%
reading task:
reading task:
read chapter one (P1-16) of your textbook（ get the idea and look up the new words）
2nd week
teaching objective: learn to write in correct form
focus: manuscript form
technique: explanation write
time allotment:
1. check reading tasks 30’
A) identify the errors in manuscript form in the following paragraph from a paper. Explain the errors in the spaces below.
“ the trouble with perfectionists”
Of all kinds of people, perfectionists bother me the most. They want to get thins right; that is admirable. They are certainly not like a lot of people who just do not care about their jobs or anything else. But once you get to know a perfectionist, you will feel the same as I.
1) Do not use quotation marks around the title.
2) Capitalize the key words in the title “ The Trouble with Perfectionists”
3) Leave a space between the title and the first line of the paper.
4) Indent the fist line of the paper.
B) translate: He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher. His mother did the housework.
Faulty: it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
Improved: It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.
It was raining hared. They could not work in the fields.
It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.
They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.
It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.
As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years.
Improved:
I was born in a small town. In the town there was only one school. I studied there for six years.
In the small town where I was born, there was only on school, and I studied there for six years.
I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years.
I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.
The sentences marked “faulty” are not grammatically wrong; they are faulty because of the use of the commas. It is easy to see that the improved sentences lay stress on different points. Which one is preferable depends on the context and on the writer’s intention.
2. input reading tasks.
my family
when I think back through good memories of my life, most of them are in some way associated with my family. Family is the one constant that has always been a part of me, my rock against the storms of life. I can’t imagine life without my Mom and Dad, and I hope they’re around for a long, long time.
The one thing my folks always had for me, as well as for my brother, was time. I was on a swim team from the time I was ten years old through high school, and I don’t ever remember them missing one of my meets. They were always there rooting me on, congratulating me when I did well and consoling me when I did poorly. It was the same with all my activities: volleyball, basketball, school plays, back-to-school nights, you name it. I never had to worry about my folks not showing up or not caring about what I was doing. I could count on them.
I’ve also done my share of leaning on their shoulders over the year. I never felt there was anything I couldn’t tell my Mom and Dad, and I am the kind who has to get it all out when I have a problem. Over the years they’ve heard it all: the time in junior high when one boy was constantly bugging me, the time in high school when I got caught drinking, the time I wrecked their Volkswagen Rabbit, rough times with my former boyfriend, and on and on. They always listened to me, helped me any way they could, gave me good advice when I needed it, and always showed they cared. Even getting through my freshman year of college away from home with a “roommate from hell” was something I couldn’t have survived without many, many long-distance calls home and some timely visits from the folks.
We’ve done our share of fun too. we traveled all over the state and spent lots of good times together. We loved going to movies and eating out as a family, and we still do when I get home on breaks. We also have fun just sitting around the house watching TV and eating popcorn. My parents are fun-loving people and I still have as much with them as I do with my friends. Well almost as much…….
The greatest thing about family, at least about mine, is I know nothing is going to change. Whether I am twenty, thirty, or forty, I will have two very special people who care for me and want the best for me. Friends may come and go, good times and bad times lie ahead, and there are lots of uncertainties in this world. Through all of this it is really great to know that family is forever, the one constant in my life. I hope I am someday able to pass on the same sense of security and love to my own children.
3. writing task:( guangwai) My family
4. translation
1)I cannot justify keeping this job any more.
2)That’s a decision you’ll have to make for yourself.
3) I know you’ve been with the company for five years. But raises here are based on merit, not on length of employment.
4) 读书可以获得知识 through reading, one can …….( reading books can acquire knowledge)
5) 所有这些都得感谢我们的政府 we should thank our government for all of this. ( all of this should thank our government)
5. reading task : chapter Two ( p18-19)
3rd week
1. comments on students writing.(1st, on any topic)
2. check reading tasks.
Specific and general words .
As a writer, you give an account of what you have experienced for your readers, so you should use specific and concrete language----words that clearly and accurately describe what you have seen, heard, and felt. If you choose general and abstract language ----words that are vague and senseless, you can only make your readers bored and poorly informed.
Vague -----when I was young, we moved from one area to another.
Revised ------ when I was eight years old, we move from Detroit to Ohio.
V-----the patient’s wound was treated.
R---- the nurse bandaged the soldier’s minor wound.
V-----your relative is nice to me.
R----your aunt Betty always stops and talks to me when she meets me in the street.
V-----John is a good student.
R----In college, John has been rewarded a scholarship over five years. .
. Suggestions for choosing concrete and specific words.
Here are some suggestions to help you choose concrete and specific words .
a) use the most specific word you can to describe something . eg: you can use German shepherd instead of dog, use tulips(郁金香) instead of flowers; use boeing 747 instead of plane; use Uncle Tom instead a relative; use a bad headache instead of sick; use Gone with the Wind in stead of a book; and use 17 degrees below zero instead of very cold.
b) Verbs are among the most expressive words in language;. Using a verb that most vividly describes an action can bring a sentence to life.
Weak verbs---- the man did badly in front of a large audience.
Revised ----- the man panicked(恐慌) in front of a large audience.
W----I don’t care for noodles and choose not to eat them.
R----I hate noodles and refuse to eat them.
W----the boy walked into the classroom
R---- the boy staggered (摇晃, 蹒跚, 交错, 摇摇摆摆)into the classroom.
c) use words that are clear and appropriate for the topic. Don’t use words that aren’t common in conversation, and in particular, don’t chose big words to impress the readers rather that to communicate ideas clearly.
Big verbs------ John displayed an element of delight over the acquisition of a stereo system of unquestionable quality.
Revised ---- John was thrilled to buy a high-quality stereo system.
B---- my eyesight is getting worse.
R-----I can’t recognize you in dim light.
B----those lately purchased chairs that rock to and fro were of a very steep price.
R----those lately bought rock-chairs were very expensive.
d) whenever possible, show the readers something instead of telling them about it.
Telling ----Myrtle has a good sense of humor.
Revised:----Myrtle loves to tell funny stories about her childhood and to play practical jokes on her friends.
T----the math test was easy.
R----the math test had only fifteen true-false questions, and all of the answers came from the first five pages of the book.
T----Matthew put up a good fight against the bully. Bully(欺凌弱小者)
R----Matthew blooded the bully’s face and knocked him down twice before getting knocked out.
Ex: use more specific and concrete words for those italicized.
i. I had an awful ( boring) time at the dancing party.
ii. I think Professor Smith is a bad ( incompetent) teacher.
iii. Palph gave his wife a present (exquisite vase)for her birthday.
iv. Our college provided the students with some fine (stimulating) programs.
v. It is funny (strange) how he gets to know ever one in the party.
vi. We had a good (enjoyable) time on last weekends.
vii. The movie had an interesting (touching)story.
viii. I like my English teacher because she has a nice (friendly)character.
ix. There are certain things (traits)I look for in judging a person’s personality.
x. I was astonished that only several (five)people attended the game.
3. input reading materials ( intensive reading ,band one, P35)
The Present
It was the old day’s birthday.
She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the t little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.
Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged.
The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she love. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.
One evening, however, Enid said, “I’ve arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital ----- just a minor operation. I’ll soon be home.”
In the morning she went, but never came back----- she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.
Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.
The old lady was eight today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps---perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at.
Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Tow spots of color brightened her cheeks. She was excited ---like a child. She would enjoy her day.
Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had make a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come.
“ I guess you’ll get lots and lots of presents,” he said. “I did last week when I was six.”
“what would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue’s such a pretty color. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.
She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.
Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door.
“Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I’ve got your post.”
He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment.
“no parcel, Johnnie?”
“no, granny.”
Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.
Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday---buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.
The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.
4. writing task
describe an incident happened in your life, and apply the principle of choosing specific and concrete words.
5. model compositions reading.
6. grammar
4th
Teaching objective: learn to use the right words in writing
Focus: synonyms 、formal and informal words
Technique: explanation-writing
Time allotment: synonyms 2hours , formal and informal 3 hours, objective 1 hour
1. comments on students’ writing
2. check reading task
Meaning of words :
Denotation meaning a well chosen word is worth a thousand pictures. If you want to select the word that expresses exactly what you intend to say, you must first of all understand its denotation; what it literally means. If you write notorious when you mean famous, or allusion (提及, 暗示)when you mean illusion, you may confuse your readers and cause them to doubt your ability of choosing the correct word.
Connotative meaning: We choose words for their literal as well as for their implied meanings. Whereas denotations are generally neutral, connotations may reflect feelings, attitudes and emotional overtones.(暗示，有…色彩). The dictionary , for example, defines politician as one who actively engages in politics. But if you call your classmate “ a real politician”, you don’t use its denotation, but connotation, the implied meaning. You most probably mean that your classmate is a smooth operator.
A word can be labeled commendatory, 赞赏的, 推荐的neutral, or derogatory, .贬损的according to the subtle differences through which it distinguishes itself from its synonyms. Notice the differences in tone in each group of sentences;
I am slender /// my sister is thin. /// my neighbor is skinny.
I am plump. ///// my sister is fat. ///// my neighbor is obese.
I am firm ///// my sister is stubborn my neighbor is pig-headed.
Words in the first sentence of each group all have the most positive connotations, that is they are all used in the commendatory sense, whereas words in the last sentences of each group all have the most negative connotations used in the derogatory sense. Words in the middle sentences of each group have the neutral connotations used in the neutral sense.
Many words have powerful political, sexist, or other social overtones. Because they may cause misunderstanding when used in the unsuitable situation, writers must be certain of their connotations before thy decide to choose them.
Words are generally classified into four groups according to different levels of usage they reflect ----formal, standard, colloquial, or slang. P9.
P282. The English language has many styles. The main dialect used by educated writers and speakers of English is called Standard English, which appears in many different styles. ( personal ,impersonal, simple , elaborate P 286) People often divide these styles into three levels---- Informal, Formal, and General. Each level is appropriate in certain situations but not in all.
Informal English has a conversational tone. Writers of informal English frequently use contractions, colloquial expressions and slang. Their sentence structure is usually loose with more and’s fewer subordinate clauses than in other levels of writing. Informal English is becoming more and more popular in journalism but is generally considered inappropriate for college papers.
Formal English is found in technical reports, scholarly books and articles, and many types of professional or academic writing. Eg: and three features P283
General English follows a middle course between Formal and Informal levels. Most of its sentences are less complex than those of Formal English but tighter than those of informal English. General English is usually the best choice for college or business writing.
3. Specific features that distinguish informal and formal English P286-291
1) contractions likes don’t, mustn’t, he’s, I’ve, etc, are generally used in informal writing. In formal writing the full forms are preferred: do not, must not, etc.
2) for indefinite reference you is often used informal English while one is often used in formal English.
You never know what new measures the President will take.
One never knows what new measures the President will take.
3) In informal English who can be used instead of whom as an object in questions.
Who (Whom) did you see in that room?
Who is the secretary talking with?
With whom is the secretary talking? (Formal)
4) In informal English that can often be left out before an object clause, especially after verbs of saying or thinking, e.g.
She said (that) she would come. He told me (that) he liked the house.
5) in informal style they is often used as a pronoun referring to everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, e.g.
Has everyone finished doing their exercises?
6) when the subject is I or he( she, it), was can be used in stead of were in the subjunctive mood in informal style:
The old lady treated him as if he was her own son.
I wish he was here with us.
7) Participial phrases are generally used in formal style:
Having been warned of the impending(即将发生的) storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.
When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.( less formal)
Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits.
The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low spirits. (less formal)
She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxiously waiting for her.
She decided to go home at once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (less formal)
8) Nominative absolute constructions are generally used in formal style:
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. (less formal)
9) Adjectival and adverbial phrases placed before the subject often make the sentence formal:
A famous professor of biology, Dr. Jones was the new president of the university.
Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.
10) parenthetical remarks often make a sentence formal:
This village has built, in less than ten years, several small factories that bring in more income than the farm produce every year.
He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.
All the people present------ Chairman Smith, Professor Brown, James and Williams, and the secretary----supported the motion. (动议)
11) A series of nouns, verbs, or adjectives may make a sentence sound formal:
His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening to anything.
She has experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.
12) the following types of sentences are often used in formal style:
long sentences; compound-complex sentences; sentences with parallel constructions;
balanced sentences; and periodic sentences. Passive voice.
Eg: She decided to study English though she was interested in music.
Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.
The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English. The idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second, thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one. Besides, the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure, but that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part.
13) As for vocabulary, everyday words are mainly of Anglo Saxon origin, while words of Greek, French and Latin origins are mostly formal or learned words ( see chapter two, p17-18). It would be helpful, when you learn a formal word, to remember an informal word with the same or nearly the same meaning, for example:
不正式 （informal ） 正式(formal)
so therefore, consequently, accordingly
but however
very extremely
deep profound
lucky fortunate
enough sufficient
end terminate
raise elevate
same identical
learned erudite
14) Phrasal verbs are colloquial and often used in conversational style.
Go on continue
look into investigate
15) shortened words like photo, ad, bike, gym, prep and pop are commonly used in everyday conversation. They are not often used in formal writing.
16) Slang words and expressions are often too casual and informal to be used in formal writing.
Slang common
Mighty very, extremely
Neat, cool fine, pleasant
In hot water in trouble
Make a hit succeed in doing something
17) use concrete words and expressions: avoid vague or imprecise terms, eg. Avoid bit, thing, stuff, etc.
4.objectivity
objectivity is achieved in the following ways.
e) Avoid the first person pronoun I and the second person pronoun You . If the first person pronoun cannot be avoided, use we instead of I, or use third person reference like, the writer, the present author, etc.
f) when expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal constructions. Eg: it can be seen that …..instead of you can see; it is commonly believed that … in stead of I believe , it is said… instead of I hear…. Other examples of impersonal constructions include: it is argued; it is found through research // research has found/ studies have revealed; it is estimated; it is contended. Etc. .
5. Ex:
rewrite the following sentences in more objective English.
1) I failed to get the results I wanted
The actual results did not reflect the predictions /// the results were unexpected.
2) You can easily see that I have proved my theory.
The theory has clearly been proven. //// it is evident that the theory has a scientific basis.
3) I can’t agree with this idea.
It would be difficult to agree with this idea. /// this idea requires further discussion and research before agreement may be reached. /// the present writer do not agree with this idea.
4) If you read Krashen ( 1981), you will learn a lot about his theory of language acquisition. acquisition获得
Kreshen provides a detailed discussion of the theory of language acquisition.
5) We all believe that a person who wants to learn will have a certain amount of success with the learning experience.
It is widely believed that a motivated learner will have a certain degree of success with the learning experience.//// Many researchers accept the idea that motivation leads to success in learning.
6) Williamson (1981) like me, believes that there is a clear distinction between language learning and language acquisitions.
Williamson expresses his belief that language learning differs from language acquisition. //// the clear distinction between language learning and language acquisition proposed by Williamson would appear reasonable/// acceptable // logical.
Ex. Rewrite the following sentences by using formal English
1) I do not know as (whether) the teacher is right.
2) There was no doubt but what ( that) they would win.
3) I don’t know how come ( why) they did that.
4) Most ( almost) everyone needs to take a daily walk
5) I am taking five courses, plus ( and ) I have to work three hours a day.
6) Our school team was real ( extremely ) tired.
7) The reason why he missed his class was because ( that) he overslept.
8) The sunrise sure ( certainly) was beautiful
9) The taxi was waiting on (for) him.
10) I saw in the newspaper where (that) the lost girl had been found.
6. Rewrite the following sentences in more formal English.
1. In the way the economy is at present, many small businesses are beginning to feel the pinch. (difficulty, hardship)
In the present economic climate, a number of small businesses are beginning to encounter financial difficulties./// the present economic situation has created financial difficulties for a number of small businesses.
2. The first thing to do is to sort out the results.
First, results should be examined./// the first task is to examine the results./// the first stage is to analyze the results.
3. Don’t go over the top with this idea because it doesn’t hold water.
This idea may contain hidden problems. It is not advisable to be too enthusiastic about it./// this idea is unrealistic and too much enthusiasm should be avoided.
4. This bit of the experiment didn’t quite come up to expectations.
This experiment failed to achieve the expected results. //// the experiment produced unexpected results.
5. Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.
One should consider several principles when evaluating EFL textbooks. //// Several points must be considered when evaluating EFL textbooks.
6. More than half of the teachers in the developing world are fed up with large classes and very limited resources.
The majority of teachers in the developing world are frustrated because of large class size and limited , resources. //// large class size and limited resources are the major complaints of teachers in the developing world.
7.writing task: Rewrite the following passage by using formal English.
Studying Abroad
Many of our best students are going abroad nowadays to study. Why do they go? We have very good universities and colleges in our own country. Our teachers know our local situation, and so what they teach is relevant to local problems.
When our students go abroad, they meet many problems. They find that their teachers know nothing about the countries from which they come. As a result our students learn a lot of useless information. Sometimes they are confused because the foreign teachers tell them things which are different from what they learned at home.
Our students have to study in a foreign language. Therefore they have language problems. What
good is studying in English if they are going to work in their own language when they come back?
There is also the question of cost. It is very expensive to send a student to study abroad. Because of this our government has less money to spend on education at home. In my opinion, it would be better to spend the money on improving our own colleges and universities.
Finally, our students come back with many immoral ideas. For this reason studying abroad is corrupting our culture and way of life. I think this is disastrous. So, I believe that students should stay at home to study and not go abroad.
8.. reading task
models:
Assuming that a manager is going to interview some job applicants and one of his friends givens him a piece of advice that the first impression is not a reliable basis for judgment. This manager wants to hear more from others and decides to have a wall newspaper put up for more view on that topic.
1. you are going to write an article to offer your opinion about it.
2. you should write about 200 words.
3. apply the principles of formality, objectivity.
Model:
It is commonly said that one’ s first impression of a person is the most important one, and this is certainly true when applied to job interviews. This is because the manager often has to interview a dozen or more candidates in the space of only one or two hours, allotting no more than a few minutes to each. Therefore, it is vital for the interviewee to make the best possible impression on his prospective employer during the interview.
However, the manager must be aware that he is seeing only the best side of the prospective employee and, as the saying goes, appearances can be deceptive. For instance, that smart new suit that the interviewee is wearing might have been hired from the tailor shop, or lent to him by his brother. In addition, the brief interview does not allow the manager to observe how well—or how badly—the interviewee might get along with his future colleagues.
On the other hand, an interviewee might give a bad impression through no fault of his own. It is possible that he woke up with a headache that morning, or arrived late for the interview because of a traffic jam. The manager must be alert to such accidents, and not judge the interviewee too harshly. So I think that, although the first impression counts for a lot, the employer should find out some background knowledge about the interviewee before deciding whether to hire him or not.
Cockroach Conflict
Before coming to Xiamen University, I had never seen so many people living in one room, let alone cockroaches, the number of which is even greater. So our dormitory is always overcrowded. Fights between us eight girls and those small ugly-looking dark creatures are continually breaking out.
I still remember my first encounter with cockroaches. It was deep in the night. All of my roommates had fallen into a sound sleep except me, for I had some clothes to wash. When I came back and opened the door, I heard a strange noise, faint abut clear. I looked towards the source of the noise. To my horror, I saw a small shadow at the tip of a bed pole, with two spots glittering in the dark. It could only be a cockroach. With the help of the dim light from the corridor, I confirmed my assumption. The cockroach was conducting his “beetle band” playing beetle music for their beetle party. I did not like this. So I quietly picked up a book and tiptoed to the pole. Holding my breath, I tried hard not to make any noise. Then, close enough, I slowly lifted up the book. “hit it!” I cried in silence. But unfortunately, I missed. It seemed that the cockroach had been ready for my attack. Before my book reached him, he had run away. The whole band scattered out of sight in a second.
This is only one scene of the numerous fights that went on. We, the two masters of the dorm, live under the same roof, breathe the same air, and sometimes even share the same food. But we live a totally upside-down life from each other. During the day, they enjoy a sound sleep in corners; when the night falls, they wake up. They may run a 100-meter-race on the table, have a picnic in the plastic bag where food is kept, “read” some books or even fall in love with each other and have many babies. To the cockroaches, all this is fantastic. But for us it is a disaster. Every night we are disturbed in our sleep, and from time to time we wake up only to find our books rag-eared, food nibbled, candy boxes decorated with their excrement, or even a cockroach walking on your bed…Oh God! How can a girl bear this? So whenever this happens, a fight is unavoidable. We use pesticide, beat them or tread on them, trying to get rid of these nuisances. But somehow they just become more agile, “read” more books and have more children in return.
Even now, the fights are continuing. There seems to be no effective ways for us to wipe out our enemy. As a result, we have to live in a continual fight with them, day after day. Who would be our savior?
1. explain and rewrite Studying Abroad
Nowadays a significant number of this country’s best students travel abroad to study, although perfectly adequate local institutions of higher education exist here. Furthermore, local faculty are familiar with conditions in this country so that their instruction directly relates to the local situation.
This contrasts dramatically with the situation encountered abroad, where faculty tend to be ignorant of their students’ countries of origin. As a result, students from this country receive irrelevant instruction which leads to confusion, particularly when it contradicts what they have already learned.
Another problem faced by this country’s students is that studying abroad equals to studying in a foreign language. One may well doubt the value and efficiency of studying in another language when, on return to this country, students will work in their own language. If, instead of going abroad, they studied in this country, such a problem would not arise.
Financially, study overseas drains the economy of foreign reserves, reducing the amount available for education in this country. It would be better if the sums spent on higher education abroad could be devoted to the development to local universities and colleges.
Finally, study overseas corrupts this country’s culture and way of life, since students return with ideas in conflict with local values. For all of the above reasons, priority should be given to studying in this country.
2. writing task
TEM-4 test 02 The Best Way to Stay Healthy
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state what you think is the best way.
In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
3..reading task
read from P43—57, correct sentences
6th
Teaching objective: how to write correct sentences,
Focus: completeness in structure, right subject, agreement between the subject and the predicate verb
Coordination and subordination
Technique: revise the wrong sentences
Time allotment:
1. correct the following sentences
1) Therefore, it is also good means of solving the problem of heavy traffic.
2). (with the development of the market economy, the task of finding a job has become a personal affair, rather than one handled totally by the state.) During this process, job interview has arisen and appeared more and more important.
3). On the way home, I thought early morning walk was really helpful.
4). They don’t get equal pay for equal job.
5). From the figures, we can see easily that the proportions of grain, fruit and vegetables have declined a little, while that of milk and meat has risen.
6). News program has always been my favorite TV program.
7). They think that fresh water comes from such varieties of sources that it is always sufficient for use.
8). If there were no electric power, factory would stop producing goods, car, bus, train would stop running.
9). All kinds of technology will develop at a higher speed than ever.
10). TV presents us with many useful informations.
11). Teachers usually offer us a lot of advices as to how to overcome difficulties in studies.
12). Making our cities greener is not an easy work.
13). A lot of entertainments are low in quality.
14). The fresh air and beautiful sceneries will attract people to leave the overcrowded city.
15). For example, setting off firecrackers often sets fire to buildings, and causes many damages.
16) Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in people’s diet, while the proportion of some high-energy food such as milk and meat has increased.
17). The amount of bicycles will decline in the next ten years.
18). A great deal of people can now afford milk.
19). One can get a good number of news from newspapers.
20). In the past one or two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased.
21). In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%.
22). Recent efforts toward the greening of our cities have achieved much, though the results are still far from satisfactory.
23). But on the other hand, two trends can be observed in the requirement of meat and fruit and vegetables.
24). In the meantime, the grain requirement in people’s diet consequently kept dropping.
25). With the development of the standard of living, people now can afford to buy more milk and meat than before.
26). Two new roads were finished at the end of last year, and are expected to open to cars soon.
27). Some of them also want to recall the life of the “good past”.
28). There are many reason which have caused such a change //there are many reasons for such a change.
29). But I spent much time reading the articles written by Englishmen or specialists in English.
30). They will push our society to higher position.
31). Apart from providing sheer enjoyment, music provides one with the opportunity to escape the daily pressures of life and enter an aesthetic world of sensual pleasure.
32). Some natural resources such as oil and coal will be used up after 50years. (after 4 years, they agraduated form the university)
33). With the development of cities, green land becomes more and more less.
34). Sports are liked by olds, youngs, men and women, for they bring you happy.
35) Last year, several hundred children were hurt when setting off the firecrackers. In contrast, still a few of civilians expect the government to call off this regulation.
2 coordination and subordination
3 Idioms Translation
4 Reading task : read from P61-64 ( unity, coherence )
7th
Coherence in English writing exists on tow levels: the overall level and the local level. Coherence at the overall level means that the structure of a piece of writing should follow the logical thinking and the expectations of the readers. Although different individuals may have their own opinions about a topic, their way of thinking or their logic of thinking is similar. Coherence at the local level means that different sentences and paragraphs are logically and smoothly linked to express the intended meaning. The transitional expressions(P83. P84)
1. input reading
Read the following passages and identify the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices in them..
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. It liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
Key: At least six cohesive devices are employed in this passage.
1.) use pronouns to replace noun ore noun phrases.
Understand and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun---it; those rich and glamorous people ----they.
2). Use determiners (the, this, that etc) to refer to previous noun phrases.
That new car; those fancy clothes; those rich and glamorous people.
3). Repeat the key words.
Happiness, fun, liberate.
4). Use synonyms or words of similar meaning to express the same idea.
Understanding -----accepting; time----hours, realization----understand; money----buy.
5.) use related word forms.
Liberating-----liberated, happiness----happy; us---our---we
6). use parallel structures.
It liberated time….. it liberated money…… it liberated us from envy……
As a matter of fact, many people know a little about love. They think their lovers must understand their characters, but never give a chance to them. They think their lovers must love them forever, but they often love others at first. They also think giving some gifts to their lovers means they love them, but never know love is more than this. It’s said that women must be rather vain. They often look down upon the poor men, so they make friends with those persons who have a lot of money. So do men, I suppose. Most of the men, No. It must be all the men like the pretty girls. They never look at the girls whom they think ugly. They pretend to be kind-hearted and erudite, even to be rich. In a word, people often cheat each other while they’re falling in love. What a shame.
Supply a logical linking device in each case so that each pair of sentence becomes more closely related and more coherent.
1 The Egyptians built huge pyramids in North Africa. In North and Central America, the Maya, Aztec, and Natchez built pyramids.
2 The new efficiency expert found some inefficient practices. She suggested improvements.
3 The secretary got a raise in pay. Her title was changed to administrative assistant.
4 These two sentences could be joined by a coordinating conjunction. They could also be connected by a transitional device
5 The price of tickets for the special movie was double the regular. The theatre was filled.
Read the following two paragraphs carefully. Insert cohesive devices where necessary.
Yankelovich helps explain the dilemma of American workers. ( although)Most want to do their best. They do not work as hard as they could. (because)They feel that others receive the benefit of their hard work. (however) Yankelovich doesn’t see this attitude as a sign of a weak work ethic.(rather) He feels the attitude toward work would change if workers made more of the decisions that affect their work. (obviously)There is a message for managers in Yankelovich’s findings. (namely)Managers need to allow workers to express their needs. They need to listen to what workers say.
English, and undoubtedly other languages, has conflicting sayings about important matters like love, friendship, and work. (For example) In English we say, “Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.” The implication is that one can and should always work more---at least until all the work is done. (On the other hand.)In English, we also have this proverb: “All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.” The advice is not to work too much because life without recreation makes one an uninteresting person. How is it that the same culture has produced two sayings that give opposite messages? We can assume that work is important to Americans. (because)They respect it greatly--- perhaps too much. The second saying may be a kind of safety valve.(since) It warns people against going too far in following the advice of the first saying.
how to become a Fair Lady
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a fair lady, superior to other types of women, is always preferred by a large number of men. Despite the passing of time and the shifting of space, being a fair lady is a sensible way to secure yourself a bright future. But before taking a step towards it, I advise sincerely that you gather up enough courage in your mind, for it is not that easy, otherwise it won’t be that valuable. If you’re all prepared, I think we may go on.
To begin with, as “women are to be appreciated and men to appreciate”, the importance of a lady’s appearance is obvious. To be a fair lady, you’d better wear a long hair rather than a so-called tomboyish short cut, because in this way you’ll look submissive and charming. And in order to gain the best effect you’d better always choose to stand in places where the breeze will add gracefulness to your hair, neglecting the possible suffering of getting cold. Only then will you find it worthwhile to be under a permer for nearly a day steaming your head, and to take the trouble of combing it thousands of times to keep it tidy. But, what matters compared to the final goal? Then the stress should be put on to equip yourself with a collection of ladies’clothes. Remember that only skirts are allowed to be within your choice; all kinds of jeans maybe fatally destructive though they may be more convenient for outdoor activities. As to winter, it is the time to test your willpower and faithfulness. You should know, there does exist a difference between a fair lady and an ordinary woman. So be brave and ignore the oncoming cutting wind and confused eyes on you. And do not forget the various use of rosettes, laces and flowers.
With the above requirements all met, I’ll congratulate you on your seemingly becoming a fair lady, and in order to become an actual one your behaviour still needs improving. Luckily enough, there is a set of rules on this subject that may guide you: when talking, try to make your voice soft, gentle and as low as you can even though you may drive the listeners crazy; and when the listener is a male, your voice should be sweet enough to have the bees drowned. When eating, try to be restrained to the delicacies in front of you; supplement yourself with more food when no one could see. Never show unpleasant expressions on your face, and use a smile to cover everything, but never should you guffaw. The point is, a fair lady is the kind of great woman that will give others the impression of always being acceptable and feminine. I mean, you shouldn’t show any Thatcher-like strength in your character, or you’ll surely be disliked. For example, when seeing an insect, though you think it’s lovely, you’d better scream (not too loud) and pretend to be as frightened as if you’re facing a tiger which has escaped from the zoo cage. Your timidness will stir a man’s desire to be a superman, according to the psychologists’ scientific point of view. When you’ve skilled in this acting, I should say, you’ve already got the most important technique of becoming a fair lady.
I’m sorry I can’t give you more details in such a limited space, and becoming a fair lady is a sophisticated program like walking along a road paved with thorns. Unless you are fully aware that the essence of being a fair lady is to sacrifice all your own life style and to behave yourself merely to other’s liking, you won’t reach your aim.
4.reading task
read from P60-P70, emphasis
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